Throughout the centuries, soldiers and warriors have looked for better and better ways to fend off attacks and keep themselves safe from deadly weapons. From knights in shining armor to Japanese Shogun warriors, personal protection has always been a priority of those going into battle. Leather, chainmail and steel were the primary materials in armor, with conventional thinking falling on the idea that the harder the material the better the protection. Swords and knives were the most common weapon of choice.

Now that bladed combat is no longer as common today and bullets are the biggest threat, all those heavy, rigid, and bulky materials have been replaced with much lighter-weight synthetic fibers that can be sewn together into ballistic vests designed to be hidden under clothing or even made into the clothing itself, such as a windbreaker or a pair of pants. Erroneously called “bulletproof vests” when they first emerged, ballistic armor is really only bullet-resistant. Even the best body armor can be penetrated with a powerful enough bullet or repeated shots. It’s not indestructible.

But how much force does it take to stop a bullet, and how exactly does body armor work?

The interior of the armor is where the bullet stopping takes place. The outside carrier is mostly decorative, designed to either match a uniform or be neutral enough to go with anything. However, the inside consists of two different materials that work together to create the true stopping power of the vest.

Choosing the Right One

There are two basic categories of body armor: concealable and tactical. Which level is right for you? That depends on the situation. Types I through III-A are the most common levels worn by police officers during everyday patrol, as most of the armed criminals they are likely to encounter will carry small-to-medium caliber handguns. These vests tend to have the slimmest profiles, allowing for easy concealment under a uniform shirt or inside a uniform-matching outside carrier.

Type III and IV are often reserved for tactical/SWAT teams who are likely to face .223, .308, and other high-velocity rifle rounds. These vests are designed to be worn over a uniform or thrown on atop concealed armor at a moment’s notice, especially for first responders to a high-risk incident.

Rating System

How do you know what type of armor will suit your needs? The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) sets the standards for body armor manufacturers, broken down by six protection levels:

Type I

Type II-A

Type II

Type III-A

Type III

Type IV

Para-Aramid Weave Soft Armor

Bullets don’t bounce off body armor, of course. That would be extremely dangerous, as the bullet could ricochet off the vest and hit innocent bystanders. The vest itself would also be extremely heavy and cumbersome and therefore impractical for everyday use. Instead, today’s armor catches the projectile inside a tight weave of synthetic yarn known as para-aramid thread, a material that by itself is not strong enough to stop a bullet but gains tremendous grabbing power when woven into tight layers. The most widely-recognized brand of bullet-stopping para-aramid thread is Kevlar® by DuPont. However, many other manufacturers now make similar products that are used in armor around the world.

Laminates

In addition to para-aramid weave, laminates such as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) also make great bullet-stopping materials. Dyneema® is one brand of UHMWPE that is commonly found in ballistic armor because it is incredibly strong – up to 15 times stronger than steel, in application – extremely durable and up to 40% lighter-weight than para-aramids.

Ballistic Plate

While soft body armor with para-aramid thread is designed primarily to prevent penetration from handgun bullets, such as 9mm, .40, and .357, for example, sometimes additional protection is needed in high-risk situations. That’s where a second component in the bullet-stopping world comes into play. Typically made from metallic or ceramic materials, ballistic plates (also called trauma plates) can be inserted into the front and back of a vest to add a second layer of protection to stop higher-velocity rounds, such as those fired from a rifle or certain higher-powered handguns.

Blade Protection

While bullets are now the primary threat to armor wearers, sometimes they do still face edged weapons. Today, the NIJ rates armor not just for ballistic stopping power but also its ability to protect against blades. Stab resistance is broken down into “edged blade” and “spike” designations. Certain body armor is an excellent barrier for knife attacks. Level 1 and Level 2 protection are typically found on concealable bests while Level 3 is more commonly found in external vests. Propper currently provides Level 1 and Level 2 “spike” certified packages and is working on a Level 3 option.

Proper Fit

For body armor to perform the most effectively, it must cover the wearer’s vital organs and other important areas, so it needs to fit properly. There are two basic designs for body armor: 2-panel “clamshell” and 4-panel wraparound. The 2-panel configuration offers good front and back protection but can be a bit uncomfortable and doesn’t provide the same level of side intrusion protection as a 4-panel design, which includes dedicated side panels that work independently from the front and back and reduce the potential gap between the front and back of a 2-panel vest. Every person is slightly different in height and girth, so to assure the maximum protection and to make it as comfortable as possible to wear, each vest should be custom fit to the individual wearer. Men and women have different fit needs, as well.

Whichever body armor you choose, make sure it is appropriate for the level of protection you need and that it fits right.

SAN PATRICIO COUNTY, Texas — With San Patricio County Sheriff Leroy Moody retiring March 31, county commissioners announced Monday who will be filling his shoes.

Commissioners named Oscar Riviera as the new San Patricio County Sheriff.

Riviera has lived in the county for more than 40 years where he served under Moody in 1977 as deputy sheriff. He also worked as a Department of Public Safety state trooper, a Texas Ranger and eventually as chief deputy.

Riviera said he felt honored being chosen as the new sheriff and admires Moody for everything he has taught him.

 January 1, 2019

BENNIAN / SHUTTERSTOCK

NEWS

Kristine Lofgren

More police officers were killed in the line of duty by firearms during 2018 than during any other year in the past two decades. A total of 144 officers died this year, a 12 percent increase over the previous one, with 52 of those individuals killed in shootings, according to the Boston Herald.

The non-profit National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund tracks the number of officers killed each year. According to this year’s report, 134 men and 10 women were killed in the line of duty, with the average age of 41. Last year, their annual report revealed that 129 people were killed in federal, state, local, territorial and tribal departments. That was a steep drop from 2016’s 159 fatalities.

Craig W. Floyd, CEO of the memorial fund, noted that the increase was a discouraging shift after last year’s improvement.

“The rising number of law enforcement officer deaths in 2018 is disappointing news after a decline in 2017,” he said. “Sadly, this reminds us that public safety is a dangerous job and can come at a very steep price.”

Even more discouraging is the number of officers killed by firearms, which reached its highest number in two decades. During 2017, the leading cause of death was traffic fatalities, but in 2018, 52 people were killed by guns. Of those, two-thirds were killed by a handgun and four were killed by their own weapons after being disarmed."

Yarmouth, Massachusettes police Chief Frank Frederickson said that they have felt the impact of these deaths first-hand. The state lost two officers last year to gun violence.

“Statistics don’t lie. We have obviously become very aware of the increase in violence and more so when it strikes you as one of your own, you see the spiderweb of damage that continues,” Frederickson said. “It’s one thing to read about it when it happens far away but when you see it firsthand, it’s pretty amazing how much this impacts so many people.”

Vehicle-related injuries were the second cause of officer deaths in 2018, with 50 people injured in motorcycle and car accidents. Thirty-two of those involved another vehicle, while 14 officers were struck while standing outside of their own vehicle. The rest of the fatalities were made up of heart attacks, strokes, drownings, cancer, and other illnesses related to officers who served in the wake of the attacks on the World Trade Center.

Texas, Florida, New York, and California tied for the most fatalities, with 11 officers killed in each state.

Vehicle pursuits, drug trafficking, and dead bodies cast out by human smugglers are common occurrences in Refugio County

BY CHARLOTTE CUTHBERTSONDecember 17, 2018 Updated: December 17, 2018

REFUGIO, Texas—An illegal alien must travel through at least five counties beyond the U.S.–Mexico border to reach Refugio, Texas, population around 7,300.

Most illegal aliens nabbed by local law enforcement were on their way to Houston, just 165 miles northeast, said Sheriff Raul “Pinky” Gonzales.

“Houston is like a staging area for them. And from there, some of them go to California, some go to New York, a lot of them go up north to Boston,” he said in an interview on Nov. 8. Vehicle pursuits are a common occurrence in Refugio County, which is just one of 254 counties in the state.

Just that morning, two different groups of illegal aliens were captured. In one instance, a vigilant driver saw a hand sticking out of the bed of a pickup truck and called authorities.

Nine illegal aliens and the smuggler, or “coyote,” were subsequently arrested.

In a second incident on the same morning, a vehicle pursuit from a neighboring county entered Refugio. The chase ended when the vehicle, carrying nine illegal aliens and their coyote, stopped and all 10 tried to flee on foot. Law enforcement scooped them all up.

Gonzales said he also has found the bodies of illegal immigrants dumped by smugglers.

“They put them in trunks in cars, they put them in trucks—where the temperature gets to 130, 120 something degrees—no water, no food, no air. And they die. And they’ll just throw them out on the side of the road,” he said.

On patrol, Sheriff’s Deputy Luis Flores aims for making two vehicle stops per hour—24 in a shift.

With 276 possible traffic violations in Texas, he has a lot to work with. Over several hours, he stopped vehicles that didn’t have a license plate light, or were missing a tail light, or whose plates were partially obscured, as well as drivers who were speeding, and more.

“I look for small violations, which gives probable cause for stopping,” he said. “I have a conversation—see where they’re going and what they’re up to. I look for cues and indications of other activity.”

But his goal isn’t to hand out tickets—most of the time, drivers get a simple warning or citation. The goal is to find the bigger crime—drugs, illegal aliens, warrants out for arrest, and so on.

“I love picking apart people’s stories,” Flores said. He listens for too much or too little detail in their explanations. Flores is ex-military and has spent two years as a deputy in Refugio. One of his most satisfying finds was during a traffic stop of an elderly women driving an old Nissan.

“I felt very victorious when we found $500,000 hidden in her bumper,” he said. “Money is super hard to find—it doesn’t have an odor and it’s easy to hide.”

The deputies patrol alone, but there are usually at least two vehicles out, as well as the local police officer. They back each other up constantly.

Flores said he calls for backup at the first sign of trouble, “ever since a group of aliens that I stopped told me that if my backup didn’t arrive so quickly, they would’ve got in a gun fight with me,” he said.

What the deputies do in Refugio might seem like small potatoes, but considering three of the 19 terrorists involved in 9/11 were pulled over in four separate incidents in the months prior to the terror attacks, a traffic stop could turn into something significant.

Gonzales said that if he wanted to, he could probably round up hundreds of illegal immigrants living in his county, but as a law enforcement officer, he concentrates on illegal activity.

“I don’t care if you come from Mars, if you’re committing a crime here in my state or my county, I’m going to tend to you accordingly,” he said.

On Nov. 8, local Refugio City police officer Tammy Gregory picked up a man for going 50 miles per hour in a 35 zone.

She discovered the man, Jose Carrasco Leon, was from Mexico. He didn’t have a U.S. driver’s license, but had lived in the United States for 16 years and was married to a U.S. citizen.

Gregory said it’s likely the man had not legalized his status, because Border Patrol contacted her to request custody of him once the police had finished processing him.

Gonzales said drug trafficking was common in his county. “We catch a lot of illegals with drugs,” he said. “We caught the cartel No. 2 drug runner here in my county. He was on a train smuggling drugs.”

In May last year, deputies seized 500 pounds of marijuana and a cartel member, after railroad officials noticed three people traveling on a Southern Pacific freight train that had originated at the border.

“They loaded up in Brownsville, heading to Houston. How much of that goes on and how much do we miss?” Gonzales said.

Recently, the sheriff had to deal with the slaying of two of his dogs by illegal aliens trying to evade law enforcement.

The two tracking dogs were trained to find lost children or Alzheimer’s patients, and they would bark once they located the person.

But this time, when the dogs found the group of illegal aliens in the brush and barked to alert the deputies where they were, they were killed.

“They strangled two of our dogs for no reason. These guys that killed these dogs, they could have very well killed one of my deputies or any other law enforcement,” Gonzales said.

“And these are the type of illegals that we deal with. … Not all of them come here in good faith. A lot of them come here to do wrong, get in gangs, and get involved with sex trafficking—they’re not all good.”

Gonzales is all too familiar with illegal activity on the southwest border. Before coming to Refugio County, he spent years as a boat captain on the Rio Grande in Texas—the dividing line between the United States and Mexico.

“We picked up bodies. Like in a week, we’d pick up to 10 bodies,” he said. “A lot of times we’d see kids that had drowned, trying to swim across by themselves. The parents are the ones that sent them by themselves.”

He said he helped a lot of teenage girls and would ask them how they got across, and why they were there without parents.

He was often told, ‘Well, our parents told us to come here.’”

“And they’d tell me horror stories about what they had to go through to come here. They were raped, they were vandalized, a lot of them. They’re used as sex slaves. [The smugglers] bring them across and use them as sex slaves here in the United States,” Gonzales said.

“So a lot of time, these people are victimizing their own people for revenue, for money, and that’s what people don’t understand.”

Gonzales said he would often stop at the grocery store before a shift to buy extra drinks and food for the illegal aliens he would undoubtedly encounter.

“I feel very sorry” for them, he said. “They’re human beings, you know. We’re supposed to love them. But we as law enforcement, we took an oath that we would abide by the law and protect and serve our people.”

He said it’s very hard to do that when you can’t track people who cross illegally and evade law enforcement.

“You know once they blend in with the population, they’re gone,” he said. “They can commit serious crimes, [then] they can just pack up and go back home and we’ll never find them.”

Gonzales said 80 to 90 percent of the illegal aliens he picked up on the river were not from Mexico.

“They were from El Salvador, Honduras, from India, China—we’d catch a lot of Chinese—people from all over the world,” he said. Many said they traveled by boat to Brazil, where they met a smuggler who escorted them through Mexico and to the United States.

“Some people are here to better their lives—and it doesn’t make it right—but not all of them,” he said.

Gonzales said he has caught a lot of gang members, especially MS-13, as well as criminals who had been deported. In one case, two men who had been deported after serving prison sentences were back a week later, illegally, with a group of Hondurans.

“These Hondurans weren’t the type of guys that came to look for work. They were tattooed up, you know. One of them didn’t have an ear, they were just scar-faced. I mean, you could tell they weren’t good hombres,” he said.

Gonzales said he is glad President Donald Trump has enhanced border security and sent active-duty military to help stop illegal crossings.

“We can’t [have] this group of people come and invade our country. This caravan, the majority of them are males—flying their flag,” he said. “To me, that’s intimidating.”

He said he thinks many of the politicians who often side with illegal immigrants are looking for future votes.

“The difference between these [illegal] immigrants coming in now, they’re trying to bring their country into our country,” he said. “We are the United States of America, and I think this oughta be a Christian country the way our forefathers perceived it to be.”

However, Gonzales said the illegal immigrants he catches aren’t as confident as they were during the Obama era.

“When Obama was in office, these illegal immigrants were very cocky with us. They went on about ‘the Dream Act, Obama, the Dream Act,’” he said.

“They were very cocky. Like, ‘hey, we’ve got our rights and we’re going to become citizens because of the Dream Act Obama’s introducing.’”

Gonzales said most Americans don’t understand what law enforcement deals with as far as illegal alien crime.

“It’s very, very hard to do our job,” he said. “We already have thugs that are citizens here, we already have bad people—we don’t need any more.”

“As a sheriff, as a leader in law enforcement, I’m very concerned about my people’s safety. I’d feel horrible if somebody got injured, seriously injured, or killed, because [of]—I don’t care if they’re illegal or not, but especially—an illegal person. They shouldn’t have been here to begin with.”

The sheriff provided a snapshot of what it takes for law enforcement to deal with one vehicle pursuit of an illegal alien.

“It costs a lot of taxpayers’ money chasing these people, [it] costs a lot of man hours. When a county deputy or a DPS state trooper gets on the chase, you get all different law enforcement agencies involved in the chase—you know, we’re trying to back each other up. There could be 12 officers for one chase, for four or five hours. A lot of times, they’ll wreck their vehicles, damage their vehicles,” he said.

“It’s a burden to us, it’s a burden to the people of the United States.”

Follow Charlotte on Twitter: @charlottecuthbo